报告关键议题补充资料

Further Information on Key Issues from the Report

全场起立（Standing Ovation）为前排起草了“全球评估”之集体作者与多学科专家组成员致意（来源：IISD）

社会和政策的收益虽然重要,却并没有阻止巨大的损失?

Gains from societal and policy responses, while important, have not stopped massive losses

自1970年以来,由于人口增长?需求增加和技术发展,农业生产?鱼类收获?生物能源生产和原料收获的趋势都有所增加,这让我们付出了高昂的代价,这种代价在国家内部和各国之间却又分配不均?然而,许多其他衡量自然对人类贡献的关键指标,如土壤有机碳和传粉者多样性都有所下降,这表明在物质收益并非经常是可持续的?

Since 1970, trends in agricultural production, fish harvest, bioenergy production and harvest of materials have increased, in response to population growth, rising demand and technological development, this has come at a steep price, which has been unequally distributed within and across countries. Many other key indicators of nature’s contributions to people however, such as soil organic carbon and pollinator diversity, have declined, indicating that gains in material contributions are often not sustainable .

来源：IPBES

农业向完整生态系统扩张的速度因国家而异?完整生态系统的损失主要发生在热带地区,那里是地球上生物多样性最多的地区?例如,从1980年到2000年,除其他因素,由于拉丁美洲的牧场(约4200万公顷)和东南亚的种植园(约750万公顷,其中80%用于棕榈油,主要用于食品、化妆品、清洁产品和燃料等),1亿公顷的热带森林因此消失殆尽?
The pace of agricultural expansion into intact ecosystems has varied from country to country.Losses of intact ecosystems have occurred primarily in the tropics, home to the highest levels of biodiversity on the planet. For example, 100 million hectares of tropical forest were lost from 1980 to 2000, resulting mainly from cattle ranching in Latin America (about 42 million hectares) and plantations in South-East Asia (about 7.5 million hectares, of which 80% is for palm oil,used mostly in food, cosmetics, cleaning products and fuel) among others.

自1970年以来,全球人口增长了一倍多(从37亿增加到76亿),各个国家和地区的人口增长并不均衡;人均国内生产总值(GDP)增长了4倍高——相隔越来越远的消费者转移了各地区消费和生产的环境负担?

Since 1970 the global human population has more than doubled (from 3.7 to 7.6 billion), rising unevenly across countries and regions; and per capita gross domestic product is four times higher – with ever-more distant consumers shifting the environmental burden of consumption and production across regions.

自1900年以来,大多数主要陆地栖息地的本地物种的平均丰度至少下降了20%?

The average abundance of native species in most major land-based habitats has fallen by at least 20%, mostly since 1900

自1970年以来,在21个有详细记录的国家中,每个国家外来入侵物种的数量增加了约70%?

The numbers of invasive alien species per country have risen by about 70% since 1970,across the 21 countries with detailed records

例如,近一半(47%)陆生不会飞的哺乳动物和近四分之一的濒危鸟类的分布可能已经受到气候变化的负面影响?

The distributions of almost half (47%) of land-based flightless mammals, for example, and almost a quarter of threatened birds, may already have been negatively affected by climate change

全球至少有四分之一的土地是传统上由土著人民拥有?管理?使用或占用的?这些区域中有大约35%的区域受正式保护,大约35%的陆地区域有非常少的人类干预?

At least a quarter of the global land area is traditionally owned, managed, used or occupied

by Indigenous Peoples. These areas include approximately 35% of the area that is formally  protected, and approximately 35% of all remaining terrestrial areas with very low human  intervention

由土著人民和当地社区管理的自然正面临越来越大的压力,但总体而言,恶化的速度比其他地区少得多——尽管土著人民和当地社区制订和使用的当地指标有72%表明,支撑当地生计的自然正在恶化?

Nature managed by Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities is under increasing pressure but is generally declining less rapidly than in other lands – although 72% of local indicators

developed and used by Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities show the deterioration of nature that underpins local livelihoods.

由于全球气候变化?生物多样性?生态系统功能和大自然对人类的贡献等方面的变化,世界一些地区将受到重大的不利影响,而这些地区也是土著人民和世界上许多最贫穷社区居住的地方?

The areas of the world projected to experience significant negative effects from global changes in climate, biodiversity, ecosystem functions and nature’s contributions to people are also areas in which large concentrations of Indigenous Peoples and many of the world’s poorest communities reside.

全球和区域的远景目前缺乏并将受益于明确考虑土著人民和地方社区的观点和权利?他们对大区域和生态系统的知识和理解以及他们所期望的未来发展道路的路径和全球设想?认可土著人民和地方社区的知识?创新成果和实践?体制和价值观念,并使他们融入和参与环境治理,往往能提高他们的生活质量,以及保护?恢复和可持续利用?他们对可持续发展的积极贡献可以根据国家立法?实现自由?事先和知情同意?改进合作?公平分享使用带来的惠益,以及与当地社区共同管理安排,通过国家承认的土地所有权?使用权和资源权?

Regional and global scenarios currently lack and would benefit from an explicit consideration of the views, perspectives and rights of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities, their knowledge and understanding of large regions and ecosystems, and their desired future development pathways. Recognition of the knowledge, innovations and practices, institutions and values of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities and their inclusion and participation in environmental governance often enhances their quality of life, as well as nature conservation, restoration and sustainable use. Their positive contributions to sustainability can be facilitated through national recognition of land tenure, access and resource rights in accordance with national legislation, the application of free, prior and informed consent, and improved collaboration, fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use, and comanagement arrangements with local communities.

过去和现在生物多样性?生态系统功能和许多自然对人类的贡献都在迅速下降,这意味着大多数国际社会和环境目标,如《爱知生物多样性目标》和《2030年可持续发展议程》所载的目标,将无法基于当前的轨迹实现?

Past and ongoing rapid declines in biodiversity, ecosystem functions and many of nature’s contributions to people mean that most international societal and environmental goals, such as those embodied in the Aichi Biodiversity Targets and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development will not be achieved based on current trajectories.

该报告的作者研究了六种政策情景——不同的集群政策选择和方法的“篮子”,包括“区域竞争”?“照常经营”和“全球可持续发展”,预测到2050年,生物多样性可能受到的影响以及自然对人类的贡献?他们得出的结论是,若不包含变革性变化在情景内,由于土地和海洋利用变化?生物开发和气候变化的预计影响,自然?生态系统功能以及自然对人类的许多贡献的负面趋势将持续到2050年及以后?

The authors of the Report examined six policy scenarios – very different ‘baskets’ of clustered policy options and approaches, including ‘Regional Competition’, ‘Business as Usual’ and ‘Global Sustainability’ - projecting the likely impacts on biodiversity and nature’s contributions to people of these pathways by 2050. They concluded that, except in scenarios that include transformative change, the negative trends in nature, ecosystem functions and in many of nature’s contributions to people will continue to 2050 and beyond due to the projected impacts of increasing land and sea use change, exploitation of organisms and climate change.

政策行动和社会倡议有助于提高人们对自然消费影响的认识,保护当地环境,促进可持续的当地经济和恢复退化地区?结合各级倡议,这些倡议有助于扩大和加强现有的具有生态代表性和连接良好的保护区网络以及其他有效的基于区域的保护措施?保护流域以及减少污染的激励和制裁?

Policy actions and societal initiatives are helping to raise awareness about the impact of consumption on nature, protecting local environments, promoting sustainable local economies and restoring degraded areas. Together with initiatives at various levels these have contributed to expanding and strengthening the current network of ecologically representative and well-connected protected area networks and other effective area-based conservation measures, the protection of watersheds and incentives and sanctions to reduce pollution.

报告列出了可能采取的行动和途径,以实现跨地点?跨系统和跨规模的目标,这些行动和途径最有可能支持可持续发展?采取综合方法:

The Report presents an illustrative list of possible actions and pathways for achieving them across locations, systems and scales, which will be most likely to support sustainability. Taking an integrated approach:

在农业方面,报告强调:促进良好的农业和农业生态实践;多功能景观规划(同时提供粮食安全?生计机会?维持物种和生态功能)和跨部门综合管理?它还指出,在整个食品体系中,所有行动者(包括生产者?公共部门?民间社会和消费者)深入参与的重要性,以及更加综合的景观和流域管理;保护基因?品种?地方品种和物种的多样性;增强消费者和生产者通过市场透明度?改进分销和本地化(振兴当地经济)?改革供应链和减少食品浪费的能力?

In agriculture, the Report emphasizes, among others: promoting good agricultural and agroecological practices; multifunctional landscape planning (which simultaneously provides food security, livelihood opportunities, maintenance of species and ecological functions) and cross-sectoral integrated management. It also points to the importance of deeper engagement of all actors throughout the food system (including producers, the public sector, civil society and consumers) and more integrated landscape and watershed management; conservation of the diversity of genes, varieties, cultivars, breeds, landraces and species; as well as approaches that empower consumers and producers through market transparency, improved distribution and localization (that revitalizes local economies), reformed supply chains and reduced food waste.

在海洋系统方面,报告强调了以下几点:基于生态系统的渔业管理方法;空间规划;有效限额;海洋保护区;保护和管理海洋生物多样性的重要区域;减少海洋污染,并与生产者和消费者密切合作?

In marine systems, the Report highlights, among others: ecosystem-based approaches to fisheries management; spatial planning; effective quotas; marine protected areas; protecting and managing key marine biodiversity areas; reducing run- off pollution into oceans and working closely with producers and consumers.

在淡水系统中,政策选择和行动包括:更具包容性的水治理,以实现协同水管理和更大的公平性;更好地整合水资源管理和跨规模的景观规划;促进减少土壤侵蚀?沉积和污染径流的实践;增加水储量;基于明确的可持续性标准,加强水项目投资;以及解决许多淡水政策的碎片化问题?

In freshwater systems, policy options and actions include, among others: more inclusive water governance for collaborative water management and greater equity; better integration of water resource management and landscape planning across scales; promoting practices to reduce soil erosion, sedimentation and pollution run-off; increasing water storage; promoting investment in water projects with clear sustainability criteria; as well as addressing the fragmentation of many freshwater policies.

在城市地区,报告强调了以下几点:促进以自然为基础的解决方案;为低收入社区增加城市服务的和健康城市环境可获得性;改善绿色空间的可获得性;城市空间内的可持续生产?消费以及生态的连接,特别是与本地物种的连接?

In urban areas, the Report highlights, among others: promotion of nature- based solutions; increasing access to urban services and a healthy urban environment for low-income communities; improving access to green spaces; sustainable production and consumption and ecological connectivity within urban spaces, particularly with native species.

在所有的例子中,报告承认制定政策和行动时包括不同的价值体系?不同的利益和世界观的重要性?这包括土著人民和当地社区充分有效地参与治理?改革和发展激励结构,确保在所有关键部门规划中优先考虑生物多样性?

Across all examples, the Report recognises the importance of including different value systems and diverse interests and worldviews in formulating policies and actions. This includes the full and effective participation of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities in governance, the reform and development of incentive structures and ensuring that biodiversity considerations are prioritised across all key sector planning.

罗伯特沃森爵士说:“我们已经看到了许多国家?地方当局和企业,特别是全世界年轻人,采取创新政策等,这是创新型变革行动和倡议的第一次萌芽?”“从#为地球发声(#VoiceforthePlanet )运动的全球青年塑造者,到为应对气候而举行的学校罢工,人们都有一种基本的理解,即如果我们要确保任何接近可持续未来的事情发生,就必须采取紧急行动?IPBES全球评估报告提供了最有效的专家证据,有助于为这些决定?政策和行动提供信息,并为生物多样性框架和下一个十年的生物多样性目标提供科学依据,这些目标将于2020年底于中国举办的《联合国生物多样性》目标的缔约方大会上提出?”

“We have already seen the first stirrings of actions and initiatives for transformative change, such as innovative policies by many countries, local authorities and businesses, but especially by young people worldwide,” said Sir Robert Watson. “From the young global shapers behind the #VoiceforthePlanet movement, to school strikes for climate, there is a groundswell of understanding that urgent action is needed if we are to secure anything approaching a sustainable future. The IPBES Global Assessment Report offers the best available expert evidence to help inform these decisions, policies and actions – and provides the scientific basis for the biodiversity framework and new decadal targets for biodiversity, to be decided in late 2020 in China, under the auspices of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity.”

来源：

https://mailchi.mp/ipbes.net/ipbes7-spm-media-2303437?e=06b7d45979

译/雪儿，Cat 审/Cat 编/Angel