2019年5月6日，史诗般的日子——地球人翘首以盼的从联合国“生物多样性和生态系统服务政府间科学政策平台”（IPBES）全体大会第七次会议（#IPBES7）中产生的《生物多样性和生态系统服务全球评估》（简称“全球评估”， #GlobalAssessment）在世界近500位顶尖科学家和130位政府代表人士于大会间紧锣密鼓地推敲、谈判和协商，且之前经过了十几年时间的酝酿、打磨和起草，终于在法国巴黎联合国教科文组织总部（UNESCO）与世人见面——如同襁褓中呱呱坠地的婴儿，但又具有所有关心地球未来的人所预期中的模样。

5月6日下午，法国总统马克龙在爱丽舍宫接见了联合国IPBES平台负责人和“全球评估”多学科专家组与首席作者代表（来源：法国生物化学家Frédérique Vidal官推）

“迫切需要为生物多样性和气候动员起来。我的建议是大家一起行动。”（来源: 马克龙官推）

前一篇通讯已经提到，中国绿发会作为国内领先的致力于生物多样性保护和可持续发展的非政府组织，是稳步践行生态文明、构建和谐社会的支持和推动者。中国绿发会与联合国框架下包括联合国环境署（UNEP）、《生物多样性公约》（CBD）、《保护迁徙野生动物物种公约》（CMS），以及“生物多样性和生态系统服务政府间科学政策平台”（IPBES）等公约组织，以及关注支持生物多样性保护的所有领先的机构、平台、科研院所等广泛合作。

#IPBES7大会间隙，绿会代表杜晖贤教授与IPBES执行秘书Anne Larigauderie博士会面（来源：Fred Dubee)

这份“全球评估”，无论是人类自己给地球诊断，开出的一剂良方，还是给人类自己注入的清醒剂，都为地球和人类的前景指明了方向——现实不免残酷，前方又具有希望。中国绿发会将继往开来，按照这部地球医生IPBES平台为人类开出的良方，切实将气候变化和生物多样性丧失的应对“两手都要抓”，同时针对“全球评估”内容，与决策者、各利益攸关者和不同领域公众一起，采取有效行动，同时呼吁全社会的关注和重视。

#IPBES7 “全球评估”媒体发布会现场（上图均来源于IPBES平台）

如同联合国CBD执行秘书Cristiana Pasca Palmer博士在5月4日#IPEBS7大会闭幕时表述的：“同时借2020年晚些时候在中国昆明召开CBD COP15之际，我们作为一个全球社会，将在这一会议上产生独特的机会，能够提出一项真正的变革性的与雄心勃勃的新计划，来拯救地球所有人类。形式相当严峻，但同时我们也都积极地认为，通过创新、创造力和伙伴关系，以及艰苦卓绝的努力，我们找得到解决的办法。自上而下的领导力是至关重要的。”

（上图来源于IPBES平台）

绿会同事们此时正在全速将“全球评估”整理翻译为中文版，以飨读者的同时，使我们在对该史诗般“全球评估”之“决策者摘要”有个直观了解的同时，也能引起些许思考。详细了解IPBES平台“全球评估”媒体发布英文原文和其它相关资料，请戳连接：

https://www.ipbes.net/news/Media-Release-Global-Assessment

更多有关“全球评估”此次媒体发布会，以及我们周围和全世界对该“决策者摘要”的更多反响和评论，欢迎继续关注中国绿发会各媒体平台。更多新鲜内容，将陆续奉上。

文/牛静美 审/Emilie 编/Angel

“全球评估”英译中/邓静、李雪

644IPBES重磅最全面评估报告发布,100万种物种濒临灭绝:大自然衰退史无前例|物种灭绝急剧加速

大自然史无前例衰退,物种下降率急剧增长

关键词:目前全球响应不充分;恢复和保护自然需要变革;为了公共利益,我们可以克服来自既得利益者的反对; IPBES最全面综合的评估;100万种物种遭受灭绝威胁

生物多样性和生态系统服务政府间科学政策平台(IPBES)发布了一份具有里程碑意义的新报告,报告警示人们,全球人口正在以人类历史上前所未有的速度下降——物种灭绝速度正在加速,现在可能对世界各地的人们造成严重影响,报告摘要于上周(4月29日至5月4日)在巴黎举行的IPBES全体会议第7次会议上通过?

IPBES主席罗伯特·沃森(Robert Watson)爵士说:“《IPBES全球评估》强有力的证据来自各种不同的知识领域,均呈现出一幅不祥的景象?我们和其他所有物种所依赖的生态系统的健康状况正在以前所未有的速度恶化? 我们正在侵蚀经济?生计?粮食安全?健康和全球生活质量的基础?”

罗伯特·沃森爵士说:“报告还告诉我们,要做出改变还为时不晚,但只有我们从现在开始,从地方到全球各个层面开始?通过'变革性的改变',自然仍然可以得到保护?恢复和可持续利用——这也是实现大多数其他全球目标的关键? 通过变革,在技术,经济和社会因素整个系统进行根本性重组,包括范式,目标和价值观?”

沃森爵士讲道:“IPBES成员国现在已经全体承认,就其本质而言,变革性改变意味着既得利益者可能会反对自然现状,但为了更广泛的公共利益,这种反对可以被克服?”

《全球生物多样性和生态系统服务评估报告》(简称“全球评估”)是有史以来最全面的评估? 这是第一份政府间报告,报告基于2005年具有里程碑意义的千年生态系统评估,介绍了评估证据的创新方法?

该报告由来自50个国家的145位专家撰写,在过去三年中还获得了另外310位撰稿人的贡献?该报告评估了过去五十年的变化,全面描述了经济发展路径与其对自然的影响的关系?它还为未来几十年提供了一系列可能发生的情景?

基于15 000份科学和政府资料进行系统审查,报告还(有史以来第一次以这种规模)引用了土著和本土的知识,尤其是与土著人民和当地社区有关的问题?

评估由桑德拉·迪亚兹(Sandra Díaz)教授(来自阿根廷)与约瑟夫·塞特莱教授(德国)和爱德华多·s·布隆迪齐奥(Josef Settele )教授(来自巴西和美国)共同主持?他们说道:“生物多样性和大自然对人们的贡献是我们共同的遗产,也是人类最重要?支持生活的‘安全网’?但是我们的安全网已被拉扯到一触即溃的状态?物种内部,物种之间和生态系统的多样性,以及我们从自然界中获得的许多基本资源正在快速下降,尽管我们仍然有办法确保人类和地球的可持续未来?”

该报告发现,现在大约有100万种动植物物种遭受灭绝的威胁,其中许多物种会在几十年内灭绝,比人类历史上任何时候都要多?

自1900年以来,大多数主要陆地栖息地的本地物种平均丰度至少下降了20%?超过40%的两栖类物种?近33%的形成珊瑚礁的珊瑚和超过三分之一的海洋哺乳动物受到威胁?对于昆虫物种来说,情况还不太清楚,但已有充足证据支持,初步估计有10%的昆虫受到了威胁?自16世纪以来,至少有680种脊椎动物濒临灭绝,到2016年,9%以上用于食品和农业的驯养哺乳动物已经灭绝,至少有1000多种脊椎动物已经灭绝?

生态系统?物种?野生种群?当地多样性和驯化动植物的品种正在缩小?恶化或消失?塞特尔教授说:“地球上必不可少的?相互关联的生命网络正在变得越来越小,而且越来越脆弱?这种损失是人类活动的直接后果,对世界所有区域的人类福祉构成了直接威胁?”

为了提高这份报告的政策相关性,评估报告的作者们在对现有证据进行全面分析的基础上,首次以这种规模对自然变化的五个直接驱动因素进行了排名,这五个因素迄今对全球相对影响最大?这些罪魁祸首按降序排列如下:(1)土地和海洋使用的变化;(2)生物直接利用;(3)气候变化;(4)污染;(5)外来入侵物种?

报告指出,自1980年以来,温室气体排放量增长了一倍,全球平均气温至少提高0.7摄氏度,气候变化的影响已经从自然生态系统水平蔓延至相关遗传学,预计在未来的几十年,气候变化的影响将继续扩大,在某些情况下甚至超过陆地和海洋的使用变化和其他因素的影响?

尽管自然保护和政策实施有所进展,报告还发现,全球自然保护?可持自然续利用和实现可持续发展的目标按目前进展难以实现,2030年的全球目标及其未来,只有在经济?社会?政治和科技领域内开展变革,才有可能实现?在20项爱知生物多样性目标中,只有4个取得良好进展,很可能大部分目标都无法在2020年这个最后期限内实现?目前生物多样性和生态系统的恶化趋势将破坏与贫穷?饥饿?健康?水?城市?气候?海洋和陆地有关的可持续发展目标(可持续发展目标1?2?3?6?11?13?14和15)的80%(44个评估指标中有35个)的进展?因此,生物多样性的丧失不仅是一个环境问题,而且也是一个发展?经济?安全?社会和道德问题?

布隆迪齐奥教授说:“为了更好地理解,更重要的是,为了解决损害生物多样性和自然贡献的主要因素,我们需要了解间接驱动人口和经济复杂变化的历史和全球的互联关系,以及支撑它们的社会价值观,?主要的间接驱动因素包括:(1)人口增长和人均消费增长;(2)技术创新——它在一些情况下降低了对自然的破坏,而在另一些情况下又增加了对自然的破坏;(3)最重要的还包括治理和责任问题?全球互联互通和远距化产生的其中一种新生模式,便是资源开采和生产往往发生在世界的一个地区,以满足其他地区遥远消费者的需要?”

报告中其他值得注意的发现包括:

· 四分之三的陆地环境和大约66%的海洋环境因人类活动有显著改变?平均而言,在土著人民和当地社区控制或管理的地区,这些趋势没有那么严重或被避免了?

· 全球超过三分之一的陆地表0%是最大的可持续捕捞量,其中只有7%的捕捞水平低于可持续捕捞水平?面和近75%的淡水资源被用于种植业或畜牧业?

· 自1970年以来,农业产值增长了约300%,原始木材产量增长了45%,全球每年约有600亿吨可再生和不可再生资源被开采,自1980年以来几乎翻了一番?

· 土地退化已导致全球23%的陆地表面生产力下降,全球每年高达5770亿美元的作物因授粉动物减少面临风险,1亿至3亿人由于失去沿海栖息地和保护而面临洪水和飓风增加的风险?

· 2015年,33%的海洋鱼类是不可持续捕捞的;60%为最大限度地可持续捕捞，其中只有7%低于可持续捕捞水平。

· 自1992年,城市用地增加了一倍以上?

· 自1980年以来,塑料污染增加了十倍,每年工业设施有3至4亿吨重金属?溶剂?有毒污泥和其他废物被倾倒入全球水域,进入沿海生态系统的化肥产生了400多个“死海”区域,总面积超过245,000平方公里(591-595),甚至大于英国?

· forest loss在所有政策方案中,本质上的负面趋势将持续到2050年及以后?报告中探讨了这些变化,除了那些包括变革性的改变——由于土地利用变化?生物开发和气候变化的预期影响,尽管各区域之间存在显著差异?

报告还呈现了一系列实现可持续发展广泛的说明行动,以及在农业?林业?海洋系统?淡水系统?城市地区?能源?金融等跨行业实现系列行动的途径?报告还强调了采取综合管理措施和跨行业方法的重要性,这些方法要把食物贸易和能源生产?基础设施?淡水和海岸管理以及生物多样性的权衡考虑其中?

全球金融和经济体系的演变同样被定义为未来更具可持续性政策的关键要素, 以建立全球可持续经济体系,摆脱目前有限的经济增长模式?

IPBES执行秘书安妮·拉瑞德里(Anne Larigauderie)博士说:“IPBES向决策者提供了权威的科学?知识和政策选择,供他们考虑?我们感谢来自世界各地的数百名专家,他们贡献自己的时间和知识来帮助解决物种?生态系统和遗传多样性的丧失问题——这些是真正对人类福祉产生全球跨时代的威胁?”

- ENDS -

报告关键议题补充资料

Further Information on Key Issues from the Report

自然损失规模

Scale of Loss of Nature

社会和政策的收益虽然重要,却并没有阻止巨大的损失?

Gains from societal and policy responses, while important, have not stopped massive losses

自1970年以来,由于人口增长?需求增加和技术发展,农业生产?鱼类收获?生物能源生产和原料收获的趋势都有所增加,这让我们付出了高昂的代价,这种代价在国家内部和各国之间却又分配不均?然而,许多其他衡量自然对人类贡献的关键指标,如土壤有机碳和传粉者多样性都有所下降,这表明在物质收益并非经常是可持续的?

Since 1970, trends in agricultural production, fish harvest, bioenergy production and harvest of materials have increased, in response to population growth, rising demand and technological development, this has come at a steep price, which has been unequally distributed within and across countries. Many other key indicators of nature’s contributions to people however, such as soil organic carbon and pollinator diversity, have declined, indicating that gains in material contributions are often not sustainable .

农业向完整生态系统扩张的速度因国家而异?完整生态系统的损失主要发生在热带地区,那里是地球上生物多样性最多的地区?例如,从1980年到2000年,除其他因素,由于拉丁美洲的牧场(约4200万公顷)和东南亚的种植园(约750万公顷,其中80%用于棕榈油,主要用于食品,化妆品,清洁产品和燃料等),1亿公顷的热带森林因此消失殆尽?
The pace of agricultural expansion into intact ecosystems has varied from country to country.Losses of intact ecosystems have occurred primarily in the tropics, home to the highest levels of biodiversity on the planet. For example, 100 million hectares of tropical forest were lost from 1980 to 2000, resulting mainly from cattle ranching in Latin America (about 42 million hectares) and plantations in South-East Asia (about 7.5 million hectares, of which 80% is for palm oil,used mostly in food, cosmetics, cleaning products and fuel) among others.

自1970年以来,全球人口增长了一倍多(从37亿增加到76亿),各个国家和地区的人口增长并不均衡;人均国内生产总值(GDP)增长了4倍高——相隔越来越远的消费者转移了各地区消费和生产的环境负担?

Since 1970 the global human population has more than doubled (from 3.7 to 7.6 billion), rising unevenly across countries and regions; and per capita gross domestic product is four times higher – with ever-more distant consumers shifting the environmental burden of consumption and production across regions.

自1900年以来,大多数主要陆地栖息地的本地物种的平均丰度至少下降了20%?

The average abundance of native species in most major land-based habitats has fallen by at least 20%, mostly since 1900

自1970年以来,在21个有详细记录的国家中,每个国家外来入侵物种的数量增加了约70%?

The numbers of invasive alien species per country have risen by about 70% since 1970,across the 21 countries with detailed records

例如,近一半(47%)陆生不会飞的哺乳动物和近四分之一的濒危鸟类的分布可能已经受到气候变化的负面影响?

The distributions of almost half (47%) of land-based flightless mammals, for example, and almost a quarter of threatened birds, may already have been negatively affected by climate change

土著人民?当地社区和自然

Indigenous Peoples, Local Communities and Nature

全球至少有四分之一的土地是传统上由土著人民拥有?管理?使用或占用的?这些区域其中有大约35%的区域受正式保护,大约35%的陆地区域都有非常少的人类干预?

At least a quarter of the global land area is traditionally owned, managed, used or occupied

by Indigenous Peoples. These areas include approximately 35% of the area that is formally  protected, and approximately 35% of all remaining terrestrial areas with very low human  intervention

由土著人民和当地社区管理的自然正面临越来越大的压力,但总体而言,恶化的速度比其他地区少得多——尽管土著人民和当地社区制订和使用的当地指标有72%表明,支撑当地生计的自然正在恶化?

Nature managed by Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities is under increasing pressure but is generally declining less rapidly than in other lands – although 72% of local indicators

developed and used by Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities show the deterioration of nature that underpins local livelihoods.

由于全球气候变化?生物多样性?生态系统功能和大自然对人类的贡献等方面的变化,世界一些地区将受到重大的不利影响,而这些地区也是土著人民和世界上许多最贫穷社区居住的地方?

The areas of the world projected to experience significant negative effects from global changes in climate, biodiversity, ecosystem functions and nature’s contributions to people are also areas in which large concentrations of Indigenous Peoples and many of the world’s poorest communities reside.

全球和区域的远景目前缺乏并将受益于明确考虑土著人民和地方社区的观点和权利?他们对大区域和生态系统的知识和理解以及他们所期望的未来发展道路的路径和全球设想?认可土著人民和地方社区的知识?创新成果和实践?体制和价值观念,并使他们融入和参与环境治理,往往能提高他们的生活质量,以及保护?恢复和可持续利用?他们对可持续发展的积极贡献可以根据国家立法?实现自由?事先和知情同意?改进合作?公平分享使用带来的惠益,以及与当地社区共同管理安排,通过国家承认的土地所有权?使用权和资源权?

Regional and global scenarios currently lack and would benefit from an explicit consideration of the views, perspectives and rights of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities, their knowledge and understanding of large regions and ecosystems, and their desired future development pathways. Recognition of the knowledge, innovations and practices, institutions and values of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities and their inclusion and participation in environmental governance often enhances their quality of life, as well as nature conservation, restoration and sustainable use. Their positive contributions to sustainability can be facilitated through national recognition of land tenure, access and resource rights in accordance with national legislation, the application of free, prior and informed consent, and improved collaboration, fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use, and comanagement arrangements with local communities.

全球目标和政策方案

Global Targets and Policy Scenarios

过去和现在生物多样性?生态系统功能和许多自然对人类的贡献都在迅速下降,这意味着大多数国际社会和环境目标,如《爱知生物多样性目标》和《2030年可持续发展议程》所载的目标,将无法基于当前的轨迹实现?

Past and ongoing rapid declines in biodiversity, ecosystem functions and many of nature’s contributions to people mean that most international societal and environmental goals, such as those embodied in the Aichi Biodiversity Targets and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development will not be achieved based on current trajectories.

该报告的作者研究了六种政策情景——不同的集群政策选择和方法的“篮子”,包括“区域竞争”?“照常经营”和“全球可持续发展”,预测到2050年,生物多样性可能受到的影响以及自然对人类的贡献?他们得出的结论是,若不包含变革性变化在情景内,由于土地和海洋利用变化?生物开发和气候变化的预计影响,自然?生态系统功能以及自然对人类的许多贡献的负面趋势将持续到2050年及以后?

The authors of the Report examined six policy scenarios – very different ‘baskets’ of clustered policy options and approaches, including ‘Regional Competition’, ‘Business as Usual’ and ‘Global Sustainability’ - projecting the likely impacts on biodiversity and nature’s contributions to people of these pathways by 2050. They concluded that, except in scenarios that include transformative change, the negative trends in nature, ecosystem functions and in many of nature’s contributions to people will continue to 2050 and beyond due to the projected impacts of increasing land and sea use change, exploitation of organisms and climate change.

政策工具?选项和示范实践

Policy Tools, Options and Exemplary Practices

政策行动和社会倡议有助于提高人们对自然消费影响的认识,保护当地环境,促进可持续的当地经济和恢复退化地区?结合各级倡议,这些倡议有助于扩大和加强现有的具有生态代表性和连接良好的保护区网络以及其他有效的基于区域的保护措施?保护流域以及减少污染的激励和制裁?

Policy actions and societal initiatives are helping to raise awareness about the impact of consumption on nature, protecting local environments, promoting sustainable local economies and restoring degraded areas. Together with initiatives at various levels these have contributed to expanding and strengthening the current network of ecologically representative and well-connected protected area networks and other effective area-based conservation measures, the protection of watersheds and incentives and sanctions to reduce pollution.

报告列出了可能采取的行动和途径,以实现跨地点?跨系统和跨规模的目标,这些行动和途径最有可能支持可持续发展?采取综合方法:

The Report presents an illustrative list of possible actions and pathways for achieving them across locations, systems and scales, which will be most likely to support sustainability. Taking an integrated approach:

在农业方面,报告强调:促进良好的农业和农业生态实践;多功能景观规划(同时提供粮食安全?生计机会?维持物种和生态功能)和跨部门综合管理?它还指出,在整个食品体系中,所有行动者(包括生产者?公共部门?民间社会和消费者)深入参与的重要性,以及更加综合的景观和流域管理;保护基因?品种?地方品种和物种的多样性;增强消费者和生产者通过市场透明度?改进分销和本地化(振兴当地经济)?改革供应链和减少食品浪费的能力?

In agriculture, the Report emphasizes, among others: promoting good agricultural and agroecological practices; multifunctional landscape planning (which simultaneously provides food security, livelihood opportunities, maintenance of species and ecological functions) and cross-sectoral integrated management. It also points to the importance of deeper engagement of all actors throughout the food system (including producers, the public sector, civil society and consumers) and more integrated landscape and watershed management; conservation of the diversity of genes, varieties, cultivars, breeds, landraces and species; as well as approaches that empower consumers and producers through market transparency, improved distribution and localization (that revitalizes local economies), reformed supply chains and reduced food waste.

在海洋系统方面,报告强调了以下几点:基于生态系统的渔业管理方法;空间规划;有效限额;海洋保护区;保护和管理海洋生物多样性的重要区域;减少海洋污染,并与生产者和消费者密切合作?

In marine systems, the Report highlights, among others: ecosystem-based approaches to fisheries management; spatial planning; effective quotas; marine protected areas; protecting and managing key marine biodiversity areas; reducing run- off pollution into oceans and working closely with producers and consumers.

在淡水系统中,政策选择和行动包括:更具包容性的水治理,以实现协同水管理和更大的公平性;更好地整合水资源管理和跨规模的景观规划;促进减少土壤侵蚀?沉积和污染径流的实践;增加水储量;基于明确的可持续性标准,加强水项目投资;以及解决许多淡水政策的碎片化问题?

In freshwater systems, policy options and actions include, among others: more inclusive water governance for collaborative water management and greater equity; better integration of water resource management and landscape planning across scales; promoting practices to reduce soil erosion, sedimentation and pollution run-off; increasing water storage; promoting investment in water projects with clear sustainability criteria; as well as addressing the fragmentation of many freshwater policies.

在城市地区,报告强调了以下几点:促进以自然为基础的解决方案;为低收入社区增加城市服务的和健康城市环境可获得性;改善绿色空间的可获得性;城市空间内的可持续生产?消费以及生态的连接,特别是与本地物种的连接?

In urban areas, the Report highlights, among others: promotion of nature- based solutions; increasing access to urban services and a healthy urban environment for low-income communities; improving access to green spaces; sustainable production and consumption and ecological connectivity within urban spaces, particularly with native species.

在所有的例子中,报告承认制定政策和行动时包括不同的价值体系?不同的利益和世界观的重要性?这包括土著人民和当地社区充分有效地参与治理?改革和发展激励结构,确保在所有关键部门规划中优先考虑生物多样性?

Across all examples, the Report recognises the importance of including different value systems and diverse interests and worldviews in formulating policies and actions. This includes the full and effective participation of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities in governance, the reform and development of incentive structures and ensuring that biodiversity considerations are prioritised across all key sector planning.

罗伯特沃森爵士说:“我们已经看到了许多国家?地方当局和企业,特别是全世界年轻人,采取创新政策等,这是创新型变革行动和倡议的第一次萌芽?”“从#为地球发声(#VoiceforthePlanet )运动的全球青年塑造者,到为应对气候而举行的学校罢工,人们都有一种基本的理解,即如果我们要确保任何接近可持续未来的事情发生,就必须采取紧急行动?IPBES全球评估报告提供了最有效的专家证据,有助于为这些决定?政策和行动提供信息,并为生物多样性框架和下一个十年的生物多样性目标提供科学依据,这些目标将于2020年底于中国举办的《联合国生物多样性》目标的缔约方大会上提出?”

“We have already seen the first stirrings of actions and initiatives for transformative change, such as innovative policies by many countries, local authorities and businesses, but especially by young people worldwide,” said Sir Robert Watson. “From the young global shapers behind the #VoiceforthePlanet movement, to school strikes for climate, there is a groundswell of understanding that urgent action is needed if we are to secure anything approaching a sustainable future. The IPBES Global Assessment Report offers the best available expert evidence to help inform these decisions, policies and actions – and provides the scientific basis for the biodiversity framework and new decadal targets for biodiversity, to be decided in late 2020 in China, under the auspices of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity.”

数字——报告中的关键数据和事实

By the Numbers – Key Statistics and Facts from the Report

总述

General

75%:迄今为止,受人类活动受到“严重改变”的陆地环境比例(海洋环境40%)?

75%: terrestrial environment “severely altered” to date by human actions (marine environments 40%)

47%:相对于其估计的自然基线,衡量全球生态系统范围和状况的指标减少,许多指标每十年至少继续下降4%?

47%: reduction in global indicators of ecosystem extent and condition against their estimated natural baselines, with many continuing to decline by at least 4% per decade

28%:由土著居民持有和/或管理的全球土地面积比例,包括40%以上的正式保护区和37%人类干预非常低的剩余陆地面积?

28%: global land area held and/or managed by Indigenous Peoples, including >40% of formally protected areas and 37% of all remaining terrestrial areas with very low human intervention

+/-600亿:全球每年开采的可再生和不可再生资源吨数,自1980年以来增长了近100%?

+/-60 billion: tons of renewable and non-renewable resources extracted globally each year, up nearly 100% since 1980

15%:自1980年以来全球材料人均消费量增加率

15%: increase in global per capita consumption of materials since 1980

>85%:1700年的湿地在2000年已经消失的湿地比例——目前湿地的消失速度是森林消失速度的三倍,以百分比计算?

>85%: of wetlands present in 1700 had been lost by 2000 – loss of wetlands is currently three times faster, in percentage terms, than forest loss.

动植物种类?种群和品种

Species, Populations and Varieties of Plants and Animals

800万:地球上动植物物种估计总数(包括550万昆虫物种)

8 million: total estimated number of animal and plant species on Earth (including 5.5 million insect species)

数十到数百倍:当前全球物种灭绝率高于过去1000万年的平均水平,而且这一速度正在加速?

Tens to hundreds of times: the extent to which the current rate of global species extinction is higher compared to average over the last 10 million years, and the rate is accelerating

高达100万:濒临灭绝的物种数量,很多在几十年内灭绝?

Up to 1 million: species threatened with extinction, many within decades

>500000(+/-9%):世界估计590万陆生物种中,生活在由于没有修复,无法提供长期生存条件的栖息地的物种比例

>500,000 (+/-9%): share of the world’s estimated 5.9 million terrestrial species with insufficient habitat for long term survival without habitat restoration

>40%:濒临灭绝的两栖动物物种比例

>40%: amphibian species threatened with extinction

几乎33%:造礁珊瑚?鲨鱼和鲨属濒临灭绝占比,超过33%海洋哺乳动物濒临灭绝

Almost 33%: reef forming corals, sharks and shark relatives, and >33% marine mammals threatened with extinction

25%:(已受详细研究的)陆生?淡水和海洋脊椎动物?无脊椎动物和植物群面临灭绝威胁的物种的平均比例

25%: average proportion of species threatened with extinction across terrestrial, freshwater and marine vertebrate, invertebrate and plant groups that have been studied in sufficient detail

至少680种:16世纪以来人类活动导致脊椎动物物种灭绝的数量

At least 680: vertebrate species driven to extinction by human actions since the 16th century

+/-10%:濒临灭绝的昆虫物种的初步预估占比

+/-10%: tentative estimate of proportion of insect species threatened with extinction

>20%:自1900年以来,大多数主要陆地生物群落中本地物种的平均丰度下降率?

>20%: decline in average abundance of native species in most major terrestrial biomes, mostly since 1900

+/-560(+-10%):到2016年,驯养的哺乳动物品种灭绝数量,现至少还有1000种受到威胁?

+/-560 (+/-10%): domesticated breeds of mammals were extinct by 2016, with at least 1,000 more threatened

3.5%:到2016年家养鸟类品种的灭绝比例

3.5%: domesticated breed of birds extinct by 2016

70%:自1970年以来,21个国家入侵外来物种数量增加率,且有详细记录?

70%: increase since 1970 in numbers of invasive alien species across 21 countries with detailed records

30%:栖息地丧失和退化导致全球陆地栖息地完整性下降率

30%: reduction in global terrestrial habitat integrity caused by habitat loss and deterioration

47%:陆地上不能飞行的哺乳动物的比例和23%的受威胁鸟类,它们的分布可能已经受到气候变化的负面影响?

47%: proportion of terrestrial flightless mammals and 23% of threatened birds whose distributions may have been negatively impacted by climate change already

>6:有蹄类动物(有蹄类哺乳动物)可能会灭绝,或在没有保护措施的情况下仅在圈养中生存?

>6: species of ungulate (hoofed mammals) would likely be extinct or surviving only in captivity today without conservation measures

食品和农业

Food and Agriculture

300%:1970年以来粮食作物产量增加率

300%: increase in food crop production since 1970

23%:由于土地退化导致农业生产力下降的土地区域占比

23%: land areas that have seen a reduction in agricultural productivity due to land degradation

>75%:依赖动物授粉的全球粮食作物类型占比

>75%: global food crop types that rely on animal pollination

2350至5770亿美元:全球作物产量因授粉者减少而面临损失风险的年度价值

US$235 to US$577 billion: annual value of global crop output at risk due to pollinator loss

560亿吨:海洋和陆地生态系统中每年的二氧化碳排放量,相当于全球化石燃料排放量的60%

5.6 gigatons: annual CO2 emissions sequestered in marine and terrestrial ecosystems – equivalent to 60% of global fossil fuel emission

+/-11%:全球营养不良人口

+/-11%: world population that is undernourished

1亿:从1980年到2000年,热带地区的农业扩张面积(公顷)?主要是拉丁美洲的牧场(+/-4200万公顷),东南亚的种植园(+/-750万公顷,其中80%是油棕),一半是以原始森林为代价的?

100 million: hectares of agricultural expansion in the tropics from 1980 to 2000, mainly cattle ranching in Latin America (+/-42 million ha), and plantations in Southeast Asia (+/-7.5 million ha, of which 80% is oil palm), half of it at the expense of intact forests

3%:1992年至2015年期间,土地向农业的转化增加率,一半转化以牺牲完整的热带森林为代价?

3%: increase in land transformation to agriculture between 1992 and 2015, half at the expense of intact tropical forests

>33%:用于农作物或牲畜生产的世界陆地表面比例(和淡水资源的+/-75%)?

>33%: world’s land surface (and +/-75% of freshwater resources) devoted to crop or livestock production

12%:世界上用于农作物生产的不冻土地

12%: world’s ice-free land used for crop production

25%:世界上用于放牧的不冻土地(+/-70%的旱地)

25%: world’s ice-free land used for grazing (+/-70% of drylands)

+/-25%:土地清理?作物生产和施肥造成的温室气体排放,动物类食品占75%?

+/-25%: greenhouse gas emissions caused by land clearing, crop production and fertilization, with animal-based food contributing 75% to that figure

+/-30%:全球作物生产和全球粮食由小型土地控股公司供应(<2公顷),使用+/-25%的农业土地,通常利于保持丰富的农业生物多样性?

+/-30%: global crop production and global food supply provided by small land holdings (<2 ha), using +/-25% of agricultural land, usually maintaining rich agrobiodiversity

1000亿美元:经合组织国家对潜在对环境有害的农业的财政支持预估水平(2015年)

$100 billion: estimated level of financial support in OECD countries (2015) to agriculture that is potentially harmful to the environment

海洋与渔业

Oceans and Fishing

33%:2015年,海洋鱼类的捕捞量处于不可持续水平;60%的鱼类的捕捞量最大化;7%的鱼类的捕捞量不足?

33%: marine fish stocks in 2015 being harvested at unsustainable levels; 60% are maximally sustainably fished; 7% are underfished

>55%:工业捕鱼覆盖的海域

>55%: ocean area covered by industrial fishing

3-10%:仅在本世纪末,由于气候变化,预计海洋净初级生产量将减少?

3-10%: projected decrease in ocean net primary production due to climate change alone by the end of the century

3-25%:本世纪末,在低气候变暖和高气候变暖情况下,鱼类生物量预计分别减少?

3-25%: projected decrease in fish biomass by the end of the century in low and high climate warming scenarios, respectively

>90%:小规模渔业(超过3000万人)占全球商业渔民的比例——占全球鱼类捕获量的近50%?

>90%: proportion of the global commercial fishers accounted for by small scale fisheries (over 30 million people) – representing nearly 50% of global fish catch

高达33%:2011年全球报告的非法?未报告或不受管制的鱼类捕获量的估计比例

Up to 33%: estimated share in 2011 of world’s reported fish catch that is illegal, unreported or unregulated

>10%:1970-2000年海草草地面积每十年减少一次

>10%: decrease per decade in the extent of seagrass meadows from 1970-2000

+/-50%:自19世纪70年代以来消失的珊瑚礁的活珊瑚覆盖层占比

+/-50%: live coral cover of reefs lost since 1870s

1-3亿:沿海地区的人们由于失去海岸栖息地保护而面临更大的风险

100-300 million: people in coastal areas at increased risk due to loss of coastal habitat protection

400:由肥料引起的低氧(缺氧)沿海生态系统“死区”数量,影响范围>245000 km2

400: low oxygen (hypoxic) coastal ecosystem ‘dead zones’ caused by fertilizers, affecting >245,000 km2

29%:由于1996年至2008年的保护投资,109个国家的哺乳动物和鸟类的平均灭绝风险降低的比率;近十年如果不采取保护行动,鸟类?哺乳动物和两栖动物的灭绝风险至少会增加20%?

29%: average reduction in the extinction risk for mammals and birds in 109 countries thanks to conservation investments from 1996 to 2008; the extinction risk of birds, mammals and amphibians would have been at least 20% greater without conservation action in recent decade

>107:据估计,从岛上根除入侵哺乳动物中受益的高度濒危的鸟类?哺乳动物和爬行动物数量?

>107: highly threatened birds, mammals and reptiles estimated to have benefitted from the eradication of invasive mammals on islands

森林

Forests

45%:1970年以来原木材产量增加比例(2017年增加40亿立方米)

45%: increase in raw timber production since 1970 (4 billion cubic meters in 2017)

+/-1300万:林业行业的就业岗位数量

+/-13 million: forestry industry jobs

50%:以牺牲森林为代价的农业扩张率

50%: agricultural expansion that occurred at the expense of forests

50%:自20世纪90年代以来森林净损失率下降占比(不包括为木材或农业开采管理的森林净损失率)

50%: decrease in net rate of forest loss since the 1990s (excluding those managed for timber or agricultural extraction)

68%:与工业化前的估计水平相比,今天的全球森林面积占比

68%: global forest area today compared with the estimated pre-industrial level

7%:从2000-2013年,发达国家和发展中国家的原始森林减少占比(500平方公里以上,无人类压力)

7%: reduction of intact forests (>500 sq. km with no human pressure) from 2000-2013 in developed and developing countries

2.9亿公顷(+/-6%):1990-2015年因清理和砍伐木材而损失的原生森林覆盖量

290 million ha (+/-6%): native forest cover lost from 1990-2015 due to clearing and wood harvesting

1.1亿公顷:1990-2015年种植森林的增加面积

110 million ha: rise in the area of planted forests from 1990-2015

10-15%:非法林业提供的全球木材供应比例(某些地区高达50%)?

10-15%: global timber supplies provided by illegal forestry (up to 50% in some areas)

>20亿:依靠木材燃料满足初级能源需求的人数

>2 billion: people who rely on wood fuel to meet their primary energy needs

采矿和能源

Mining and Energy

<1%:采矿用地总量,但工业对生物多样性?排放?水质和人类健康有重大负面影响?

<1%: total land used for mining, but the industry has significant negative impacts on biodiversity, emissions, water quality and human health

+/-17000:大型采矿场(在171个国家)数量,主要由616家国际公司管理?

+/-17,000: large-scale mining sites (in 171 countries), mostly managed by 616 international corporations

+/-6500:海上石油和天然气海洋采矿设施(在53个国家)

+/-6,500: offshore oil and gas ocean mining installations ((in 53 countries)

3450亿美元:全球化石燃料补贴金额,导致5万亿美元的总花费,包括自然恶化的外部性因素;煤炭占税后补贴的52%,石油占+/-33%,天然气占+/-10%?

US$345 billion: global subsidies for fossil fuels resulting in US$5 trillion in overall costs, including nature deterioration externalities; coal accounts for 52% of post-tax subsidies, petroleum for +/-33% and natural gas for +/-10%

城市化?发展与社会经济问题

Urbanization, Development and Socioeconomic Issues

>100%:1992年以来城市地区的增长率

>100%: growth of urban areas since 1992

2500万公里:预计到2050年新铺设的道路长度,90%的建设将在最不发达国家和发展中国家的进行?

25 million km: length of new paved roads foreseen by 2050, with 90% of construction in least developed and developing countries

+/-50000:大坝数量(>15m高);+/-1700万水库(>0.01公顷)

+/-50,000: number of large dams (>15m height); +/-17 million reservoirs (>0.01 ha)

105%:自1970年以来,各个国家和地区全球人口(从37亿增加到76亿)的不均衡增长率

105%: increase in global human population (from 3.7 to 7.6 billion) since 1970 unevenly across countries and regions

高出50倍:发达国家和最不发达国家的人均GDP

50 times higher: per capita GDP in developed vs. least developed countries

>2500:全球目前正在发生的化石燃料?水?食物和土地的冲突事件

>2,500: conflicts over fossil fuels, water, food and land currently occurring worldwide

>1000:环境活动家和记者在2002年至2013年间的死亡人数

>1,000: environmental activists and journalists killed between 2002 and 2013

健康

Health

70%:受自然启发研发的天然或合成的癌症药物比例

70%: proportion of cancer drugs that are natural or synthetic products inspired by nature

+/-40亿:主要依赖天然药物的人数

+/-4 billion: people who rely primarily on natural medicines

17%:由动物媒介传播的疾病占比,每年造成70万以上人类的死亡?

17%: infectious diseases spread by animal vectors, causing >700,000 annual deaths

+/-8.21亿:亚洲和非洲人民面临粮食安全问题

+/-821 million: people face food insecurity in Asia and Africa

40%:全球人口中缺乏清洁和安全饮用水的占比

40%: of the global population lacks access to clean and safe drinking water

>80%:未经处理排放的全球废水

>80%: global wastewater discharged untreated into the environment

3-4亿吨:每年工业设施倾倒到世界水域的重金属?溶剂?有毒污泥和的产生的其他废物的重量

300-400 million tons: heavy metals, solvents, toxic sludge, and other wastes from industrial facilities dumped annually into the world’s waters

10倍:1980年以来塑料污染增加

10 times: increase in plastic pollution since 1980

气候变化

Climate Change

1摄氏度:与工业化前相比,2017年全球平均温差;温差每十年上升+/-0.2(+/-0.1)摄氏度

1 degree Celsius: average global temperature difference in 2017 compared to pre-industrial levels, rising +/-0.2 (+/-0.1) degrees Celsius per decade

>3 mm:过去20年全球平均海平面每年上升水平

>3 mm: annual average global sea level rise over the past two decades

16-21厘米:1900年以来全球平均海平面上升水平

16-21 cm: rise in global average sea level since 1900

自1980年以来,温室气体排放量增加了100%,全球平均温度至少提高了0.7度?

100% increase since 1980 in greenhouse gas emissions, raising average global temperature by at least 0.7 degree

40%:2009年至2013年,旅游业的碳足迹增加率(达到4.5 Gt二氧化碳)

40%: rise in carbon footprint of tourism (to 4.5Gt of carbon dioxide) from 2009 to 2013

8%:温室气体排放总量中有8%来自与旅游有关的交通和食品消费?

8%: of total greenhouse gas emissions are from transport and food consumption related to tourism

5%:仅2°C的升温预计导致的部分物种灭绝比例;到4.3°C 物种灭绝比例增加至16%

5%: estimated fraction of species at risk of extinction from 2°C warming alone, rising to 16% at 4.3°C warming

即使全球变暖只上升1.5至2度,大多数陆地物种的分布范围预计将大幅缩小?

Even for global warming of 1.5 to 2 degrees, the majority of terrestrial species ranges are projected to shrink profoundly.

全球目标

Global Goals

大多数:2020年爱知生物多样性目标可能无法实现

Most: Aichi Biodiversity Targets for 2020 likely to be missed

44个目标中的22个:与贫穷?饥饿?卫生?水源?城市?气候?海洋和土地有关的可持续发展目标下的评估目标,正在被自然的负面趋势及人类的行为所破坏?

22 of 44: assessed targets under the Sustainable Development Goals related to poverty, hunger, health, water, cities, climate, ocean and land are being undermined by substantial negative trends in nature and its contributions to people

72%:土著居民和当地社区开发和使用的自然指标呈负面趋势

72%: of local indicators in nature developed and used by Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities that show negative trends

4:爱知目标的数量,其中某些部分取得了良好进展,另外7个目标的某些部分取得了适度进展,6个目标的所有内容进展缓慢,由于信息不足,无法评估其余3个目标的部分或所有部分的进展?

4: number of Aichi Targets where good progress has been made on certain components, with moderate progress on some components of another 7 targets, poor progress on all components of 6 targets, and insufficient information to assess progress on some or all components of the remaining 3 targets